A participle is a vital verb form in English grammar that simultaneously functions as both a verb and an adjective, often referred to as a double part of speech.
What is a Participle in English Grammar?
Do not rouse the sleeping dog. He is a learned man. Having gone to the shop, the boy bought a pen.
প্রথম sentence-এ sleeping এই verb form-টি sleep. এই verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়ে গঠিত হয়ে ‘ঘুমন্ত' অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং dog এই noun-টিকে qualify করছে। এটা এক সঙ্গে verb ও adjective-এর কাজ করছে। অনুরূপে learned এই noun দুটোকে qualify করছে। সেজন্যে এরা participle.
অতএব, Participle এমন একটি verb form যা দিয়ে একই সঙ্গে verb ও adjective-এর কাজ নিষ্পন্ন হয়ে থাকে। Participle-কে double parts of speech-ও বলা হয়, কেননা এটা দিয়ে এক সঙ্গে verb ও adjective-এর কাজ নিষ্পন্ন হয়।
What are the Types of Participles?
Participles are categorized into three main types based on their formation and time reference. প্রকারভেদ : Participle তিন প্রকার :
- A. Present Participle = Verb + ing
- B. Past Paticiple = Verb-এর Past Participle
- C. Perfect Participle = Having+Verb-এর Past Participle
A. Present Participle
Verb এর present form এর সাথে যদি ing যুক্ত হয়ে একসাথে verb ও adjective কাজ সম্পাদন করে তবে তাকে present participle বলে।
- ➡ A barking dog seldom bites.
- ➡ Don't get down from a running train. এর দ্বারা কাজটি শেষ না হয়ে এখনো চলছে বুঝায় ।
- Principal verb এবং nonfinite verb একই সময়ে সংগঠিত হচ্ছে এমন ভাব প্রকাশ করতে verb + ing হবে। Principal Verbটি present, past বা future যে কোন tense-এ থাকতে পারে। The lady standing by the door, wanted to speak with you.
- Verb টি দ্বারা noun টির উৎপত্তি গত বৈশিষ্ট্য বা Active sense প্রকাশ করলে present participle হবে।
➡ The story is interesting - See, near, smell, listen, notice, watch-এ verbগুলোর পর object + present participle হয়।
➡ I saw him playing football.
➡ I heard her singing.
B. Past Participle
Verb এর সাথে d, ed, t, ne, en যুক্ত verb form যদি একই সাথে verb এবং adjective এর কাজ সম্পন্ন করে তাকে Past participle বলে।
A drunken man cannot discharge his duties. Your father is a learned man. It is our bounden duty. He is the spoilt son of his father. A burnt child dreads the fire. Give me a written report.
- i. এর দ্বারা কাজটি অতীত সময়ে সম্পন্ন হয়ে গিয়েছে তা বুঝায় ।
➡ The car made in Japan is running well. - ii. সম্পূর্ণ বা শেষ হয়ে গিয়েছে এমনভাব প্রকাশে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
➡ I saw a broken chair. - iii. Verb টি দ্বারা noun টির উপর আরোপিত বৈশিষ্ট্য বা passive sense প্রকাশ করলে Past participle হবে।
➡ The orphan boy was interested to go with us.
C. Perfect Participle
Verb এর past participle-এর পূর্বে having যুক্ত হওয়ার পর যদি তা একই সাথে verb ও adjective এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তবে তাকে Perfect participle বলে।
➡ Having forgotten him, I went outside the cabin.
- i. সম্পন্নকৃত দুটি কাজের মধ্যে বিরতি থাকলে।
➡ Having got no answer from him for long time, I stopped writing to him. - ii. অতীতে সংঘটিত দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যে কোন (period of time) ব্যাপক সময় ধরে চলেছিল বোঝাতে।
➡ Having been headmaster for a long time he was not in a position to obey others order.
How Do Participles Function as Adjectives?
Participle যেহেতু একটি verb adjective সেজন্য —
- a. এটি কোন verb-এর মতো noun বা pronoun কে object রূপে গ্রহণ করে :
Hearing the sound, I looked outside.
Seeing him, I waited in the tea stall. - b. এটি কোন verb-এর মতো adverb দ্বারা বিশেষিত (modified) হয়:
Walking swiftly, I reached school in time. Working hastily, he made a mistake. - c. Adjective-এর মতো কোন noun বা pronoun কে qualify করে :
Writing the book, the man sent it to me for revision.
Buying the watch, I gave it to my brother. - d. Adjective-এর মতো এর degree of comparison হয় :
This story is more interesting than that.
He is the most learned man in this village. - e. Adjective-এর মতো কোন adverb দ্বারা বিশেষিত (modified) হতে পারে :
The accounts were examined minutely.
The naughty boy was punished severely. - f. Adjective-এর মতো এর আগে গ্রহণ করে Plural common noun রূপে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে :
The learned are respected everywhere.
We should help the distressed.
How Do Participles Function as Verbs?
Participle যেহেতু Verb-এর কাজ করে, সেজন্য —
- a. Active voice-এ continuous tense গঠন করতে 'be' verb-এর বিভিন্ন tense-এর রূপের সঙ্গে Present participle ব্যবহৃত হয় :
They are working together.
I am going to school.
He is doing sums.
He was reading history.
They were discussing the matter.
I shall be doing sums.
Birds will be singing at dawn. - b. Active voice-এ perfect tense গঠন করতে ‘have’-এর বিভিন্ন tense-এর রূপের সঙ্গে past participle ব্যবহৃত হয় :
I have written a letter.
He has bought a book.
He had gone before you came.
The patient died after the doctor had gone.
I shall have finished the work before he arrives.
He will have received the letter by this time. - c. Passive voice গঠন করতে 'be' verb-এর বিভিন্ন tense এর রূপের সঙ্গে Past participle ব্যবহৃত হয় :
I am called by him.
You are helped by your friend.
The naughty boy is punished by the headmaster.
He was taught English by me.
They were allowed to enter the hall.
This place will be visited by us.
I shall be given direction by him.
What are the Adjectival Uses of Participles?
Participle যেহেতু Adjective-এর কাজ করে সেজন্যে—
- a. এ Attributively অর্থাৎ noun-এর অব্যবহিত আগে থেকে তাকে qualify করতে পারে :
A drowning man catches at a straw.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A learned man is respected by all.
A burnt child dreads the fire. - b. এ Predicatively অর্থাৎ predicate অংশে থেকে subject-কে qualify করতে পারে :
Your father seemed tired.
He kept me standing outside.
I smelt something burning.
He is looking disgusted.
I heard her singing. - c. এ Absolutely অর্থাৎ Finite verb-এর সঙ্গে সম্পর্কবিহীনভাবে পূর্ববর্তী কোন noun বা pronoun-এর সাথে সম্পর্ক রক্ষা করে ব্যবহৃত হয় :
The sun having set, we started for home.
The feast being over, we left the dining hall. The play having been ended, we left the field.
এ sentence-গুলোতে Participle-এর সমন্বয়ে গঠিত অংশকে Absolute phrase এবং পূর্ববর্তী noun বা pronoun-কে Nominative absolute বলে ।
কোন কোন সময় Present participle বা perfect participle উহ্য থাকে:
The feast over, we left the dining hall.
The play ended we left the field.
কোন কোন Participle আবার preposition-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে। তাদেরকে Participle preposition বলে :
Considering his tender age, the boy may pardoned.
I went to Cox's Bazar during winter.
A river flows past our village.
I shall arrive by 5 o'clock barring accidents.
You must be careful concerning your success in the examination.
I could not go to school owing to my illness.
Key Takeaways
- A participle is a verb form that functions as both a verb and an adjective.
- There are three types of participles: Present Participle, Past Participle, and Perfect Participle.
- Present participles are formed with verb + ing, showing ongoing actions or active senses.
- Past participles use endings like d, ed, t, ne, en to denote completed actions or passive senses.
- Perfect participles are formed using having + past participle to show prior completed actions.
Quick Practice
Test your understanding of participles with the following exercises. Write your answers in the comments below:
- Identify the participle in: "A barking dog seldom bites."
- What type of participle is used in: "Having forgotten him, I went outside."?
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a Present Participle?
A present participle is formed by adding -ing to the present form of a verb while simultaneously working as both a verb and an adjective, indicating an ongoing action or active sense.
How do you form a Past Participle?
A past participle is formed by adding endings such as d, ed, t, ne, or en to a verb, indicating a completed action or a passive sense.
What is a Perfect Participle?
A perfect participle is constructed by placing the word having before the past participle of a verb, used to show that one action was completed before another began.